Decreased iTLR9 levels in patients are in line with lower proportions of memory B lymphocytes in AAV patients. Whether decreased iTLR9 levels in T lymphocytes and NK cells reflect differential T lymphocyte and NK cell subsets in patients as well, could not be determined with the antibodypanel that was used in this study. T lymphocytes have been studied extensively in AAV, and are shifted towards an effector memory T-cell phenotype but whether these cells express lower levels of iTLR9 is not known. As mentioned earlier, patients with Wegener’s granulomatosis are often chronic nasal carriers of S. aureus and carriage is associated with an increased risk for relapses. TLRs are important orchestrators of the immune system during pathogen invasion, and altered TLR expression has been reported during bacterial infections. Therefore, we compared TLR expression in nasal carriers of S. aureus and non-carriers. We observed increased iTLR9 levels in monocytes from S. aureus carriers, and interestingly, 5 out of 7 patients with increased proportions of monocytes expressing mTLR4 were S. aureus+ at the moment of inclusion. These observations suggest increased activation of monocytes in nasal carriers of S. aureus and it will be important to follow-up on these patients and monitor the development of relapses. Uehara et al. found highly increased expression of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, and TLR9 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells after stimulation with mouse anti-human PR3 monoclonal antibody. This suggests that ANCA may increase the sensitivity to TLR ligands by influencing TLR expression in AAV. However, conflicting data exist, since Hattar et al. found no effect of ANCA priming on monocyte TLR expression. In line with these results we found no effect of priming with anti-PR3 monoclonal antibodies or isolated PR3-ANCA IgG on TLR expression by monocytes and granulocytes either. In addition, no relation between serum ANCA titers and leukocyte TLR expression was observed. Additional to the analysis of TLR expression, we compared ex vivo responses to TLR ligands between AAV patients and HC. Several studies have reported increased proinflammatory responses to TLR ligands in various diseases. However, although minor differences were observed, responsiveness to TLR ligands in AAV patients and healthy controls was largely comparable. Process of care indicators are often used to assess the quality of diabetes care. Most of them look at specific actions in isolation, measuring processes of care such as ‘percentages of patients with type 2 diabetes who received an HbA1c test in a year’. They do not reflect the overall pathway of risk factor management as described in clinical practice guidelines, which includes a periodic test of the risk factors, the initiation or adjustment of drug treatment in patients with elevated risk factor levels, and the subsequent evaluation of response to this treatment. Estimates of quality of diabetes care show that GDC-0941 monitoring of risk factors may reach levels of 75–95%, whereas treatment intensification rates in subsets of patients with elevated risk factor levels may be as low as 15–57%.