However, in ants such as Camponotus sp., attacks start with threats, bites and immobilization and do not result in immediate death – workers guarding narrow nest entrances should therefore have more time to confirm or infirm their original reaction and release nestmates in case of a false alarm. On the other hand, more sophisticated levels of recognition observed in other social insect species, such as within-colony recognition of caste, social and/or fertility status and individual recognition, do not require fast reactions and would benefit from detection of more fine scaled variation in CHC-profiles. This could be achieved through further processing in the antennal lobes and in the higher-order integration centers. For example, in the ant Pachycondyla inversa, where within-colony discrimination occurs in the form of worker policing by egg eating, it was shown that a worker needs an average of 8 minutes to make the decision to start killing a worker-laid egg or not. We therefore hypothesize that more complex levels of recognition Niltubacin involve additional information processing steps, in ants in general but also in C. aethiops should this species show within-colony recognition abilities, enabling slower but more detailed treatment of recognition cues. Social insects would thus rely on a sophisticated and adaptive dual decision-making system enabling them to emphasize either speed or accuracy as required, just as mammals do. Firstly, our population of civil servants in Accra is unlikely to be representative of the general Ghanaian population, the majority of whom remain in more rural settings and are self employed in farming, trading and other activities. Ubiquinone is reduced to ubiquinol at the Qi binding site. Two important aspects of this reaction are: 1) the presence of water and ubiquinone within the binding site, and 2) water molecules filling the binding site after ubiquinol vacates. High-resolution structures of protein complex III show that water is involved in hydrogen bonds between the quinone and surrounding cytb residues. Water is also replenished in the vacant binding site to replace the H + used in the reduction reaction. Therefore, water molecules are an essential ingredient for the ubiquinone to ubiquinol cycle at the Qi site, and an initial step in proton translocation across the inner mitochondrial membrane. As mentioned, the CoQ binding sites are embedded within the globular complex and the hydrophobic inner membrane. Given this information, we suggest it is not trivial to replenish the essential H20 molecules in the Qi binding site. A careful look at the region surrounding the binding site sheds light on this problem. The three-dimensional structure reveals a hydrophilic region that could potentially be a channel for water to be shuttled into the Qi binding site that is embedded within the globular complex in the membrane.