Moreover, one-dimensional gel GDC-0879 Raf inhibitor electrophoresis and mass spectroscopy analysis were used to survey expressed proteins in A. aegerita. The transcriptomic and proteomic data supply important information on A. aegerita, and provide important clues to the deep exploration of this species. Hemolytic proteins including pleurotolysin and aegerolysin were also identified by proteome analysis. Fungal hemolysins are aggregating proteins that create pores in membranes, and can lyse cells besides RBCs. Furthermore, aegerolysins were reported to be specifically expressed during fruiting initiation of A. aegerita in previous studies, suggesting that hemolysins played an important role in initial phase of mushroom fruiting. Some enzymes such as NADH-quinone oxidoreductase, copper radical oxidase, glycoside hydrolases and polysaccharide lyase were also identified from A. aegerita. All the enzymes suggested the ecological importance of A. aegerita due to their roles in biomass degradation, and these enzymes have potential in various applications such as biodegradation of plant biomass and biofuel production. Although pyrimorph-resistant isolates have not been detected in the field, all the pyrimorph resistant mutants obtained in our study can survive in the environment with some reduced fitness. We therefore suggest that the risk of resistance to pyrimorph in P. capsici may be low to moderate. To avoid the rapid development of resistance to pyrimorph, growers LEE011 should reduce the number of pyrimorph applications and should apply pyrimorph in mixtures with multisite fungicides or with fungicides that lack crossresistance with pyrimorph. A full understanding of the mechanism of pyrimorph resistance in P. capsici and the mode action of pyrimorph will require additional research. Based on this study and contrary to a previous hypothesis, however, pyrimorph cannot be equated with the CAA fungicides. It shares some similarities but also has important differences. In our study, also found that pyrimorph- resistant mutants were cross-resistant to azoxysrobin. The true reason has not been understood until the the biochemical mode of pyrimorph are known. At present, it might be assumed that pyrimorph also act by the inhibition of respiraton in addition to the impairment of cell wall biosynthesis in P. capsici. At present, pyrimorph is an effective fungicide for the control of P. capsici. At the highest rate used, pyrimorph would completely inhibit the pyrimorph-sensitive and moderately resistant mutants in this study. However, even at the highest rate recommended in the field, pyrimorph would not completely control the highly resistant mutants. According to the in vitro and in vivo fitness tests reported here, and according to with our ongoing study on the competitive fitness of pyrimorph-sensitive isolates and highly resistant mutants, mutants with high resistance can probably survive in the field although with some loss of fitness. It is therefore necessary to monitor pyrimorph resistance in P. capsici populations in the field. To facilitate this monitoring, we designed a molecular diagnostic method for detection of the mutation of Q1077K in pyrimorphresistant isolates of P. capsici. Compared to conventional fungicide-resistance assays, the allele-specific PCR method described here is rapid; it can determine the pyrimorph-resistance phenotype in approximately by direct sampling of diseased tissue.