When we excluded clot-related UR population to identify risk factors of pure UR, only morcellation efficiency was found to predict UR independently. Morcellation efficiency is associated with retrieved weight of prostatic nodules and morcellating time. In the present study, retrieved weight of prostatic adenoma and morcellation time per se were not found to be significantly different between the non-UR and non-clot related UR groups. These findings suggest that some unknown factors might influence the development of UR. This may include the presence of hard nodules within the enucleated adenoma although we do not have data for this. In our opinion, hard nodules are assumed to be composed of dense fibrous stromal tissue. It tends to be very resistant to morcellation, which commonly make morcellation process unexpectedly prolonged and very difficult. Proteolysis of the single pass trans-membrane protein APP leads to the generation of Ab, a 40 or 42 amino acid peptide that is the main constituent of the amyloid plaques found in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease. Sequential cleavage of APP by beta and gamma secretases generates the Ab peptide, while the cleavage product of alpha and gamma secretases is not amyloidogenic. How the activities of the alpha, beta and gamma secretases are regulated spatially and Benzoylpaeoniflorin temporally, and hence the amount of Ab produced, are not completely understood. It is likely, however, that endocytosis and sub-cellular trafficking of APP contributes to its differential processing. Flotillins are palmitoylated and myristoylated Ginsenoside-Ro proteins that associate with the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. There are 2 flotillin paralogues in metazoans, flotillin 1 and 2. Association and oligomerisation of flotillin 1 and 2 leads to the formation of plasma membrane puncta, or microdomains, with a defined size. Both flotillins are required for formation of these structures. The function of flotillin microdomains is not fully understood, but they are likely to be important for linking the plasma membrane and the cytoskeleton, for signaling events, for regulating cell-cell adhesion, and for membrane traffic during endocytosis. Several observations link flotillins to APP trafficking. Flotillins accumulate in the endosomal system of neurons from a transgenic mouse model of amyloid plaque formation, and in the brains of humans with Alzheimer’s disease. Increased Ab production, moreover, causes intracellular accumulation of Ab in flotillinpositive endosomes. The intracellular domain of APP has been reported to bind to flotillins, and flotillins and APP may both bind to a common partner, LGI3. Importantly, siRNA mediated knockdown of flotillin 2 impairs the endocytosis of APP, alters the nanometer-scale clustering of APP in the plasma membrane, and reduces Ab production in tissue culture cell models. One outstanding question relates to whether there is redundancy between the flotillins in terms of a functional relationship with APP, as different studies report a role for flotillin 1, and others flotillin 2. The two coding variants that were found in the first set of patients were p.I73V and p.R415Q. The substitution p.I73V is a conservative missense variant that has been listed in the 1000genomes database with a minor allele frequency of 0.001 in Europeans and is predicted to be neutral. There is little evidence to postulate any effect for this variant. More common is p.R415Q, a known missense polymorphism encoding a nonconservative change from arginine to glutamine that is predicted to be deleterious. This polymorphism has been associated with benign breast disease, and a meta-analysis of seven different studies comprising 3,910 cases and 3,985 controls had previously suggested that Arg415Gln.