Exercise training reduced IL-18 with a 6-month aerobic exercise training program. In this study, although our study was cross-sectional study, significant relationships between serum IL-18 levels and physical activity by using uniaxial accelerometer were noted. The relationships still remained even after adjusting for confounding factors by logistic regression analysis. In addition, by stepwise multiple regression analysis, only age and physical activity were significant determinant factors of serum IL-18 levels. It is noteworthy that the serum IL-18 levels were closely linked to physical activity independent of physical fitness. Brun JM et al reported that plasma IL-18 was associated with changes in insulin resistance but not with BMI. Daily walking rather than increasing physical fitness was closely associated with improving insulin resistance. Taken together, increasing physical activity, independent of physical fitness, may reduce serum IL-18 levels in some healthy Japanese men. Potential limitations still remain in this study. First, our study was a cross sectional but not a longitudinal study. Second, 81 men in our study voluntarily underwent measurements: they were therefore more likely to be health-conscious as compared with the average person. Third, we could not evaluate in women and also could not show a clear mechanism between serum IL-18 levels and physical activity. However, it seems reasonable to suggest that promoting physical activity might result in reducing serum IL-18 levels in some healthy Japanese men. To show this, further prospective and larger sample size studies are urgently required in the Japanese population. Glioblastoma multiforme is the most malignant form of glioma and its associated prognosis is one of the poorest among tumors of the central nervous system. It has been recently demonstrated that a small population of tumor cells, with stem cell-like features, can initiate tumor AbMole L-Ornithine development in vivo and are thought to be involved in tumor maintenance and diffusion. These cells, as well as their normal counterparts, tightly regulate their growth while uncommitted but AbMole BI-9564 quickly gain uncontrolled proliferation as soon as they are committed to differentiate. Molecular switches underlying these phenomena are tightly linked to the features of disease development and progression. It has been shown that the tumor suppressor protein PTEN is involved in cell cycle regulation, through the modulation of different signaling pathways, either in cancer in general and in brain tumor in particular. The functional role of PTEN in brain cancers progression seems to be tightly linked to tumor dynamics: in low grade gliomas, PTEN contribute to maintain cells in G1 while the loss of its activity is frequently observed in high grade gliomas.