Pictographic and color VAS have been shown to be valid and useful tools in assessing medication adherence in lower-literacy populations. Thus, these tools seem to be well adapted to programmatic conditions after training on their use. In conclusion, this survey conducted in routine program conditions has shown that self-administered therapy together with the FDC and patient centred adherence strategies allows achieving appropriate adherence to antituberculosis treatment in a high TB and HIV burden area. This strategy is well adapted to limited resources settings. However, these results can not be directly extrapolated in settings where single antituberculosis drugs are administered separately. Although the use of a combination of two simple tools, such as the VAS and a questionnaire, might be an adequate approach to monitor adherence to TB treatment in routine program conditions, further validation is required. Also, in the future, other tools might play a role in the support and monitoring of adherence to TB treatment, in particular communication devices such as mobile phones, which are more and more available in high burden and limited resource countries. Many ecological studies demonstrate associations between UVB rays and a lower risk of developing various cancers except skin cancer, implying that UVB rays induce Simetryn vitamin D synthesis, which may suppress growth and induce differentiation/apoptosis of cancer cells. A plausible explanation for why higher circulating levels of vitamin D are associated with a decreased risk of deadly cancers is as follows. Epithelial cells convert the primary circulating form of vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D D), to its active form, 1,25-dihydoroxyvitamin D, inside the cells, which bind vitamin D receptors in their cytoplasm to regulate a variety of genes. These genes prevent malignant transformation by keeping cellular proliferation and differentiation within normal ranges. In turn, if a cell becomes malignant, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D can induce apoptosis and prevent angiogenesis, thereby reducing the potential for the malignant cell to survive. Recently, vitamin D has been proven to regulate molecules related to the cell cycle and apoptosis in vitro, in vivo, and in a pilot randomized double-blind, placebocontrolled clinical trial. Observational studies have suggested inverse associations between serum levels of 25D and incidence rates of colon, breast, ovarian, renal, pancreatic, aggressive prostate, and other cancers. Seratrodast Moreover, VDR FokI and BsmI single nucleotide polymorphisms might modulate the risk of breast, skin, and prostate cancer as well as other cancer sites. To prove the efficacy of vitamin D in primary cancer prevention, double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trials are needed. Higher doses of vitamin D plus calcium were shown to significantly reduce cancer incidence, although lower doses of vitamin D did not decrease the incidence of colorectal cancer or breast cancer.