Additionally, there was a strong correlation for lower molecular weight peptide spots to be overexpressed. This result could be explained by de novo protein synthesis of different isoforms, protein processing, and/or modification events subsequent to radiation exposure. This observation indicates that post-translational control of gene expression have an important role in the parasite response to gamma radiation stress. The inhibition of protein synthesis in face of gamma radiation was shown to have a significant effect decreasing parasite growth and survival rates, highlighting the importance of active translation for parasite recovery after exposure to ionizing radiation. We have annotated all 53 proteins identified by MS according to their biological roles. Several proteins were represented by multiple spots, and most of them had molecular weights lower than predicted. As a consequence of this observation, we cannot precisely state which biological processes are upregulated versus downregulated, since the different protein isoforms may not function in the same way as the full-length protein. Nevertheless, some tendencies could be observed in this study, including changes in the following biological processes: upregulation of the protein synthesis process, downregulation of protein folding, downregulation of the ATP generation pathway, glycolysis, and amino acid metabolism, and the upregulation of two tryparedoxins. Besides these p53-dependent activities, there is growing evidence that p14ARF also displays p53-independent biological activities that regulate not only cell growth but also apoptosis, angiogenesis, tumor cell migration and senescence. These functions are mainly achieved by inactivation of multiple cellular partners, through Hygromycin B subcellular delocalization, stabilization or degradation. One p53-independent function of ARF is to inhibit the synthesis and processing of ribosomal RNA. Ribosome biogenesis, which mainly takes place in the nucleolus, is a fundamental and complex process tightly Cinepazide maleate coupled to cell growth and proliferation and usually upregulated in cancers and transformed cells.