Moreover, our study showed that polymorphisms of GNMT, which also participates in detoxification, have variable associations in men of European descent and Asians. All of the prostate BIHC cancer cases and controls in this study were of European descent. It is therefore uncertain whether these GNMT genetic polymorphisms are associated with prostate cancer risk in other ethnicities such as African Americans. A study comprising of 50% Mexican American, 18% European American, 18% African American, 12% Asian and 1% Arab women reported a rs10948059 T allele frequency of 36.4%, which is lower than the 45.8% reported in this study. Studies in other ethnic groups, which could all have varying allelic frequencies, are therefore necessary to clarify these associations. In our previous study in Taiwanesemen comprising of 326 prostate cancer cases and 327 controls, the allelic frequencies were comparable to those of another study by our group. The frequency of the T allele remained constant at around 15% in controls after pooling subjects from both studies, suggesting that the allelic frequencies were not affected by sample size. INS/DEL was excluded from haplotype analysis because it was not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Haplotype analysis of STRP1-rs10948059 showed that the most common haplotype was 10GAs-T accounting for 40% of controls and 44% of cases, followed by 16GAs-C, and 10GAs-C. Haplotypes with the rs10948059 T allele had ORs greater than 1, suggesting that presence of the rs10948059 T allele per se increased susceptibility to prostate cancer. In Taiwanese men, linkage disequilibrium among the 3 markers was stronger. The 10GAs-INS-T haplotype was associated with decreased prostate cancer risk in Taiwanese men. The strength of this study was that we were able to see the variable associations of GNMT with prostate cancer in different ethnicities. A limitation of this study was the lack of data on GNMT expression levels, so a correlation with genotypes could not be made.GNMT expression Bis(heptyl)-cognitin dihydrochloride tended to be higher in non-cancerous than in prostate cancer and tumoradjacent tissues; and in the cancer tissues, staining was higher in low stage than high stage cancers.