In our work, lipid peroxidation was used as marker of ROS because of their interesting association with atherosclerosis and BIHC cardiovascular disease, but, on the other hand, it might represent a limitation of the present study. In fact, the observed levels of oxidative stress might depend also upon the kind of investigated oxidative stress marker, because reactive oxygen species are a vast group of agents, which are usually short lived and often difficult to measure. We choose the FORT and FORD tests because of their simplicity and rapidity of the assays, requiring only a small drop of capillary blood, thus allowing repeated and minimally invasive measuring. According to Kamhieh-Milz et al., we are confident that the FORT and the FORD tests provide actually reliable results. Among others, the FORT test was also used to investigate the association between oxidative stress and C-reactive protein levels among healthy adults, to evaluate the effects of an innovative treatment in cancer-related anorexia/cachexia and to investigate oxidative stress in different populations with type 2 diabetes. It appears thus that measurement of oxidation markers by means of point-of-care methods may be helpful to assess oxidant activity and to monitor the effectiveness of the antioxidant system in several different physiological conditions including exercise. The rather small number of investigated patients might represent a further limitation. This was the consequence of the challenging protocol, especially for patients who had to be monitored for several hours following the exercise for the high risk of severe late-onset hypoglycemia. To partially compensate for this small number, we recruited a number of controls almost twice the patients. Anle138b Furthermore, the small number of examined subjects did not allow us to investigate eventual gender differences. The magnetic compass of birds was first described in the 1960s for European robins, Erithacus rubecula, a small passerine migrant. Since then, this compass mechanism has been demonstrated in a variety of migratory and non-migratory birds of different orders, among them the domestic chickens, Gallus gallus.