Since C. crescentus is a gram-negative bacterium there is concern that it could initiate an immune Acephate response when applied topically. However, immune activation may not be an issue because C. crescentus appears relatively non-immunogenic. C. crescentus has been injected into immune competent mice and no adverse events were observed. In addition, within as little as ten days postinjection, no C. crescentus could be detected within the peritoneum The lipid A portion of the lipopolysaccharide of C. crescentus is 1000-fold less immunogenic than that of LPS normally found on E. coli. Although we have not topically applied C. crescentus to the vaginal tract, adverse events are not anticipated, and the mucosal immune response to topical C. crescentus application is currently under investigation. In addition, the final microbicide product would contain inactivated C. crescentus, which should further increase the safety profile. In summary, the C. crescentus display system represents an exciting new approach in the HIV-1 microbicide field with large potential. We have generated a sufficient number of constructs to now address the clinical relevance and safety of this approach in animal studies, such as an HIV susceptible humanized mouse model. Obesity and overweight are becoming more prevalent and causing increasing concern in large parts of the world. Lifestyle 2-MPMDQ factors such as low physical activity and poor diet are strong contributors to the development of obesity and its related diseases and are therefore important targets in the prevention and treatment of these conditions. One approach is to reduce the overall energy intake by increasing the feeling of fullness and reducing hunger through tailored foods. This is however complex, since appetite is controlled by both psychological factors and physiological responses related to food properties such as composition, energy density, and microstructure. Products based on whole grain rye, mainly porridge and soft bread, have repeatedly been shown to induce higher subjective satiety and lower postprandial insulin secretion withor without corresponding difference in postprandial glucose profile compared with refined wheat bread. Lower postprandial insulin response may increase insulin sensitivity and decrease low-grade inflammation and is therefore most likely beneficial for the prevention of Type 2 diabetes. Several studies have attempted to explain the phenomenon of lower postprandial insulin responses without lower glucose responses, but it has not yet been fully explained. Specific features of rye products, such as dense structure and the formation of an amylose layer surrounding the starch granules, as well as certain phenolic acids found in some rye varieties, have been suggested as important for the beneficial postprandial insulin response. Furthermore, some amino acids, such as branched-chain amino acids, lead to higher glucose-independent insulin secretion after a meal. Lower concentrations of certain BCAA in blood plasma have also been demonstrated in trials, both after an eight week intervention and after a single meal with whole grain rye compared with refined wheat.