The animals�� health and recovery were monitored by USC Department of Animal Resources staff. Animals were allowed to recover from surgery for at least one week to ensure the absence of infection and fever. On the day of experiments, animals were acclimated to the experiment room at least one hour prior to the commencement of temperature monitoring. The VitalView software package was used for automated temperature monitoring, with the temperature recording limits set to 40�C30uC and the monitoring period set to every five minutes. Animals were provided standard mouse chow and water ad libitum during the testing period and allowed at least two days recovery between experiments. Baseline temperatures were calculated by XAV939 Wnt/beta-catenin inhibitor averaging the temperature readings over the thirty minutes immediately prior to injection. The change in core temperature was calculated by subtracting the baseline temperature from the observed temperature. The evaporative cooling assay was performed as follows: Mice were acclimated for fifteen minutes in an elevated, four-place chamber with a mesh floor. A syringe with a piece of rubber tubing attached to the end was filled with acetone and the plunger depressed so that a small drop of acetone formed at the top of the tubing. The syringe was raised to the mouse��s hindpaw from below, depositing the acetone drop on the paw.Mice were tested four at a time with an inter-stimulation period of four minutes per mouse, alternating paws between stimulations. Responses were video recorded for later quantification by an observer blind to the experimental conditions. Behaviors were scored according to the magnitude of the response along the following scale: 0-no response; 1-brief lift, sniff, flick, or startle; 2-jumping, paw shaking; 3-multiple lifts, paw lick; 4- prolonged paw lifting, licking, shaking, or jumping; 5-paw guarding. The scale was designed so that the extreme values occurred only BIBW2992 rarely. In recent years, a great effort has been made to elucidate the complex series of events occurring during the a- and b- tubulin folding pathways that lead to the final release of ab native heterodimers incorporated in microtubules . In mammals, this process is initiated by the cytosolic chaperonin CCT binding to the newly synthesised a- and b-tubulin polypeptides assisted by the molecular chaperone protein prefoldin that, after various ATP-hydrolysis-dependent cycles, produces quasi-native tubulin intermediates.