This study corroborated our previous findings, and it provided a solid foundation for future more comprehensive studies on the biology of the NC-like cells and using the cells to treat degenerative IVDs. The p53 gene is a prime example of a well-studied gene that produces a very large result set. On the other hand, only three out of six GBM risk genes were found from the pathway or PPI databases. Our case studies demonstrate that SNP-protein function prediction tools resulted in widely dissimilar results. For example, in the p53 case study, only PolyPhen-2 was able to predict that rs1042522 is damaging. Even F-SNP, which uses 16 methods and datasets to predict functional effects of SNP, was not able to predict rs1042522 to be damaging.It has been Berbamine reported that the response of HAMP genes in other fish species to pathogenic bacteria challenge resulted in a up-regulated expression in the liver, these results indicated that different fish species have different expression patterns of HAMP genes. These results in this study implied that hepcidin plays an important role in the immune response of miiuy croaker to infection. Unlike other vertebrates, some fish species have multiple hepcidin homologues. Due to their direct interactions with molecules of pathogens, AMPs are reported to have evolved adaptively through an Rebaudioside-C accelerated rate of amino acid substitutions to combat new or altered pathogens. It suggested that multiple copies related AMPs sequences have evolved by gene duplication, the rapid functional divergence among these copies could be associated with an accelerated rate of amino acid substitutions among the duplicated genes. Gene duplications represent a major evolutionary force in vertebrate organisms, and most gene duplicates are lost or silenced during evolution. In history, three rounds of large-scale gene duplications have been identified in vertebrates, and phylogenetic analysis showed that the HAMP2 group would have appeared after the 3R genome duplication. The acanthopterygians appear to have at least two HAMP homologues, meanwhile, nonacanthopterygians retaining only the HAMP1 gene due to most duplicates have been lost. HAMP1 is present in every fish species and is considered as the orthologue of the mammalian hepcidin sequences. In contrast, HAMP2 paralogs gene have been found only in acanthopterygian fish. The functional divergence of duplicated genes occurs through three main processes: neofunctionalization, subfunctionalization and subneofunctionalization. In these processes, the positive selection plays a crucial role in accelerating the fixation of advantageous mutations. Fixation of HAMP2 genes in acanthopterygian fish could be favored by the radication of teleosts in different marine and brackish environments and the operation of positive Darwinian selection. Accelerated rate of amino acid substitutions among duplicated genes is the main indication of adaptive evolution, identifying genes that have evolved by adaptation is central to understanding the pattern of molecular evolution.