Nissel staining showed no apparent structural abnormality in the hippocampus of each transgenic mice. Open field tests were performed on transgenic mice to investigate locomotor activity. FSM mice showed a decrease in time spent in locomotion and rearing when compared with wild-type littermates. In contrast, ACM4 mice showed a significant increase in rearing time. There was no genotype effect in the walking speed and the total pathlength, indicating that walking ability of FSM and ACM4 mice was normal. These results indicate that the level of functional activin in the brain is related to general locomotor activity in a novel environment. In open field tests, the amount of time spent in the center of the field is strongly correlated with an animal��s level of anxiety, a characteristic called risk-taking behavior. In the case of the prototypical cyclotide, kalata B1, where the stoichiometry of the oligomer is known to be a tetramer from analytical ultracentrifugation, the value of Ka can be refined by searching over different values for Ka and selecting the value that gives the best fit of the experimental data as illustrated in Figure 4. A fundamental regulatory challenge for all cells is to make the correct amount of protein at the proper time, and place it at a precise location. Several proteins in bacteria have been shown to be localized in an area measured in the tens of nanometers and not merely to domains such as the cytoplasm, periplasm, or membrane. Critical Orotic acid (6-Carboxyuracil) processes such as cell division and differentiation depend on correct protein localization, yet for most localized proteins the mechanisms responsible for localization are unknown. In some cases, such as chemoreceptor complexes, extensive protein-protein interactions are required for localization. Localization information can also be encoded in relatively short peptide sequences, or locons, that have been shown to direct localization of exogenous proteins. Several protein filaments similar to Tenacissoside-I elements of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton have been discovered in bacteria, but it is not yet clear if these filaments play a role in localization of most bacterial proteins.