A recently-published qualitative review of the validity of HF codes in North American databases also found the PPV to be generally high. However, it must be kept in mind that PPV and NPV are both dependent on the prevalence of the condition in the study population, and will be lower for rare conditions than for common conditions. This is important for HF Schisandrol-B because this condition differentially affects older individuals. A higher baseline risk of HF in the study population may explain why several studies included in this review reported exceptionally high PPV��s. So et al examined the charts of patients hospitalized for MI, amongst whom the prevalence of HF was 29%, and the PPV in that study was 94%. Consequently, if the exclusion of false-positive HF cases is of upmost priority for a particular study, the age and disease history of the study population must be taken into account when L-Asarinin evaluating how accurately these codes will identify true HF cases. In this study, the antiviral effect of different anti-rabies VHH constructs, targeted against the surface glycoprotein of the rabies virus, was examined in a brain infection model in mice. Monovalent, bivalent, biparatopic and half-life extended antirabies VHH were first compared in vitro. Then, a step-wise approach was used for extending the in vitro neutralisation results to in vivo neutralisation, starting with a pre-exposure setting and then testing the VHH in a prophylactic-therapeutic setting. Preexposure treatment and virus-VHH co-administration were primarily performed to proof the concept in a model with the highest chance on success. Despite the absence of Fc effector functions and the small size, bivalent and biparatopic anti-rabies VHH are able to significantly prolong survival or even completely rescue mice from disease. The therapeutic effect depends on the time of treatment, dose, affinity, brain and plasma half-life of the VHH construct. Findings from our review suggest that administrative data codes are less-than-optimal for capturing HF cases, and this is consistent with another qualitative review of the validity of HF codes in which the sensitivity of HF diagnoses was highly-variable.