This study gives an explanation for this observation by evaluating the transport of TKI into their targeted cells, in this case for Imatinib. An important target in RA are synovial fibroblasts as they play an important role in the pathogenesis by contributing to joint destruction and producing cytokines. Several transporters which are capable to translocate Imatinib, among them hOCTN1 and hMATE1, which this study newly identifies to transport Imatinib, are expressed in hRASF. hMATE1 was shown to have an about 200 fold higher apparent affinity to Imatinib than other OCT. When investigating the roles of these transporters for the Imatinib accumulation in human RASF, we indeed identified hMATE1 to GR 159897 predominantly mediate this uptake whereas other OCTs had either no or only a minor influence on this process. The peak plasma levels observed in patients are clearly higher than the observed apparent affinity of hMATE1 for Imatinib. Furthermore, the uptake activity of hMATE1 directly governs anti-proliferative effects of Imatinib on hRASF as a blockade of hMATE1-mediated uptake abolished the inhibition of Imatinib on PDGF induced proliferation. This indicates the importance of TKI transport for therapeutic effects on RA. Moreover, associations of the other variants in MRD1 gene and the haplotypes with AEDs resistance were only analyzed in one research. Since then, numerous additional studies reporting contradictory results were published. Hence, we conducted a meta-analysis to clarify the associations of three polymorphisms in ABCB1 gene and their haplotypes with responsiveness to AEDs in patients with epilepsy. Genetic polymorphism often varies between ethnic groups, which was one of the factors that might affect the results. Distribution of allelic frequencies in ABCB1 C3435T variant also displays an ethnic difference. In the present study, we showed that T alleles in C3435T variant were more common in Caucasians than those in Asians, but lower than those in Indians. Moreover, stratified meta-analysis showed an ethnic-dependent susceptibility to AEDs of C3435T polymorphism, which was significant associated with AEDs resistance in Caucasian population, but not in Asian and Indian subgroups. These observations might be attributed to that different populations are under distinct environmental or cultural pressures. In addition, variability in the definitions of drug-response and drug-resistance might also contribute to the significant heterogeneity. Of all included studies, the follow-up time ranged from 3 months to 2 years, whereas the new definition of treatment GYKI 53655 hydrochloride outcome from International League Against Epilepsy reported that the shortest follow-up period was 12 months.