On the other hand, based on the hypothesis that vagal afferents have diffuse projections into the central nervous system, vagus nerve stimulation can work for refractory epilepsy. The connections between the heart and brain, whether all could be attributed to the autonomic network, are worth further exploration. There are numerous limitations in this study. A Kinase Inhibitor Library visually clean continuous EEG could only be acquired in a very limited period because of copious artifacts from eye movements, muscles or environments. In this study, we selected visually artifact-free segments from long raw data by an experienced neurologist and excluded the cases who didn’t supply sufficient clean data. The segments were detrended by a deterministic nonlinear method based on previous studies. Independent component analysis, a stochastic approach, can also effectively remove EEG artifacts, especially eye-related artifacts. Safieddine et al. compared different methods to remove muscle artifact from EEG data and showed that EMD outperformed ICA for the denoising of data highly contaminated by muscular activity.

Finally, the electromagnetic activity of the brain works at an extremely fast speed, and the quasi-stationary epochs of EEG are, in general, short lasting, in the order of tens of seconds. Therefore the simultaneous EEG and ECG data were not long enough for MSE, which warrants long series for better probability estimation. New onset diabetes mellitus is a common complication in chronic kidney disease patients receiving peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis . The development of NODM is linked to an increased overall mortality in CKD patients. The development of NODM in kidney transplant patients is associated with the use of immunosuppressant i.e. prednisolone and the risk factors of NODM in kidney transplant patients has been extensively studied. Etiology of NODM in kidney transplant patients is different from that in HD and PD patients. Hyperglycemia is common in PD patients because of the use of glucose as the osmotic agents and is linked to a worse survival. HD patients are also exposed to a glucose load because of the glucose in dialysate.

However, very limited studies investigated the incidence, risk factors and outcomes of NODM in PD and HD patients. Understanding NODM risk factors may help to identify patients at risk for NODM, control patients’ blood glucose and may decrease NODM associated mortality. In addition, it is generally believed that the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus is linked to insulin resistance and b-cell dysfunction. The insulin resistance increased in the aging process and b-cell dysfunction can be caused by increased nutrient supply. The incidence of NODM was 12.7% in 2 years in HD patients in US, 4% at 1 year and 21% in 9 years in Taiwan. The risk for developing NODM can be overestimated since the competing events was not taken into consideration in the analysis. Meanwhile, CKD 5 patients receiving PD are usually younger than those receiving HD and HD patients may be more at risk for developing NODM.